This is another article I summarized for school. I personally like this one more.
Rise of the Cyborgs
Scientists are currently examining ways to help people with disabilities do what they were unable to do before. Hopefully, people with locked-in syndrome will be able to move and communicate freely with technology. Scientists say “by connecting intimately with computers, we will take the human brain to a whole new level.”
Phillip Kennedy’s first major finding came from experimenting on rats. He found that certain neurons only responded to certain whiskers. When these whiskers were removed, the neurons adapted to respond to different whiskers. This proved that neurons’ wiring can change. Phillip Kennedy’s first human test subject was Johnny Ray, a man paralyzed save for a few muscles in his face. He agreed to participate by blinking his response. Ray imagined moving a mouse with his hand, and the neurons associated with those muscles became active. Eventually, he was able to move the cursor with just his mind.
At Duke University, experiments have been carried out on monkeys. Scientists from Duke University taught a monkey to move a joystick in sync with a light. From observing the neurons’ activity, scientists were able to predict the exact moment that she would move the stick. Then, scientists connected her neural readings to two robots in two different parts of the country. Then, all of the electronic arms moved in perfect sync, without her needing to use her biological arms. A similar experiment involved the walking of a monkey, and the simultaneous walking of a robot in Japan.
Successes like these have made it legal to perform implants on willing people in certain conditions. People with these electrode implants have learned to control a cursor on a screen, and even control their own wheelchair.
Scientists are developing way to allow people with no muscle movement to be able to speak. So far they have let people speak vowels. This is using a different method from the one Steven Hawking used. Steven Hawking created a code that his computer recognized by Hawking moving a muscle in his lip. This new neural method should be natural enough that to the speaker’s mind, there is no difference between the two.
Cyborging brings a new and strange future to our attention. Neuroscientists hope that eventually, cyborging will bring a new level to our intelligence. “We have freed the brain from the body. We have created a profound new paradigm for the brain- and not just the disabled brain- to enact its will without the limitations of the biological machinery that we call a body.” -Miguel Nicolelis